A line of barefoot girls in headscarves and long patterned skirts carry large clay water jars on their backs past a brick wall. Newton & Co lantern slide no. 50 from the series "The Persians, Kurds, and Nestorians, their manners and customs", attributed by the Nelson Collection to Ernest Hoeltzer, late 19th century; published in The Living Races of Mankind (1901) as "Armenians water-carrying (Nestorians)" and by D'Allemagne (1911) as "Jeunes filles Nestoriennes faisant le métier de porteuses d'eau" (young Nestorian women working as water carriers).

Nestorian (Assyrian) girls carrying water jars

Men, women and children stand outside a brick building under a placard reading "Skicka oss inte i döden (Turkiet). Vädjan från assyrier" (Don't send us to our deaths (Turkey). An appeal from Assyrians). The museum notes the autumn 1976 demonstration succeeded: in October the government granted the Özer family residence permits.

Assyrians protest the deportation of the Özer family, Landskrona

Dawid Mar Shimun, Assyrian military leader and relative of the patriarch, in a fur cap and British-style uniform at Baqubah, 1918–1919 (crop from a group photograph).

Dawid Mar Shimun at Baqubah

Malik Ismail II, chief of the Tiyari tribe, sits in a tall white felt hat, embroidered waistcoat and sash with a dagger at his waist, at Baqubah, 1918–1919 (crop from a group photograph).

Malik Ismail II of Upper Tiyari at Baqubah

Assyrian refugee women and children sit on the airfield with their bundles beside men of the Iraq Levies, with the Vickers Victoria J8928 of No. 70 Squadron parked behind, during the evacuation of Assyrian refugees from Mosul to Baghdad.

Assyrian refugees waiting on the airfield for the RAF airlift, Mosul

Assyrian women and children with bundles board a Vickers Victoria transport of No. 70 Squadron RAF, helped by men of the Iraq Levies, during the evacuation of Assyrian refugees from Mosul to Baghdad. IWM places it in a 1923–1946 RAF officer's collection; the airlift likely followed the August 1933 killings.

Assyrian refugee women and children boarding an RAF airlift at Mosul, 1933

Jilu Assyrian refugees bend over piles of clothing and bedding laid on the ground beside a mud-brick wall while men in caps look on. Photographed by Ariel Varges in 1918.

Jilu Assyrian refugees sorting clothing, 1918

A British soldier in a pith helmet kneels beside a cooking pot with Jilu Assyrian refugee women and children in a desert camp. Photographed by Ariel Varges in 1918.

Jilu Assyrian refugees cooking with a British soldier, 1918

A boy, a woman in a long dress and other residents walk along a dusty lane between mud-brick shelters with a tethered donkey in the Nestorian refugee camp in Baghdad, 1927. From Barclay Acheson's Near East Relief photographs.

Shelters in the Nestorian (Assyrian) refugee camp, Baghdad, 1927

Women and girls with tins and buckets crowd around two large water tanks at the Nestorian refugee camp in Baghdad, 1927, while men stand on the tank platform. From Barclay Acheson's Near East Relief photographs.

Water supply at the Nestorian (Assyrian) refugee camp, Baghdad, 1927

Four refugees, two men and two women, stand in rags and wrapped footwear after reaching the American Relief Station in Urmia, 1918–1919. The War Department caption does not name their community; they were possibly Assyrian or Armenian.

Four refugees reach the American relief station in Urmia

A woman in a headscarf rides a laden horse among a mounted column of refugees from Urmia passing through Bijar in western Persia in 1918. The Australian War Memorial caption speaks of some of the 80,000 refugees from Urmia.

Urmia refugees on horseback trekking through Bijar, 1918

Rows of bell tents of the Baqubah refugee camp stretch along the bank of the Diyala river, seen from the air. The negative is marked "CA.906 29.1.19", suggesting January 1919; Commons dates it 1920.

Aerial view of the Baqubah refugee camp on the Diyala

An inscribed stone obelisk headed "In Memoriam" stands on a stepped plinth inside a wire fence at the Baqubah camp, with tents behind. The English inscription says thousands of Christian Assyrians from the mountains of Kurdistan and Van and the districts of Salmas and Urmia lie there; a side panel in Syriac and English names Mar Paulus Shimun, Patriarch of the East.

Memorial stone at the Baqubah refugee camp, 1920

A dense crowd of refugees from the Kurdistan mountains, men, women and children, fills the steps and yard of a brick building at the Russian consulate in Urmia. Published in Abraham Yohannan's The Death of a Nation (1916); they were likely Assyrians from Hakkari.

Refugees from the Kurdistan mountains at the Russian consulate, Urmia

A long column of refugees on foot, with carts and horses, winds down a slope beside Lake Urmia in spring 1915. Photographed by Basil Nikitin, then Russian consul at Urmia; the refugees are likely Assyrian and Armenian Christians.

Refugee column near Lake Urmia, 1915

Assyrian Christian refugees from Tiyari and Tkhuma sit in a grove hung with drying meat and clothing, autumn 1915. The original caption says they brought their sheep, wheat, kettles and clothes and had no shelter for the winter.

Assyrian refugees from Tiyari and Tkhuma encamped near Urmia, 1915

A Jilu Assyrian refugee woman in a headscarf and layered clothing carries her child on her back and lifts a cup for it to drink. Photographed by Ariel Varges in 1918.

Jilu Assyrian mother giving her child a drink, 1918

A British soldier in a pith helmet crouches to tend a small child sitting on a bundle, while a Jilu Assyrian man in a fur cap watches; refugees and tents stand behind. Photographed by Ariel Varges in 1918.

British soldier tending a Jilu Assyrian refugee child

Dozens of Jilu Assyrian orphan children sit on a bank of rubble breaking stones for a new road in Persia, watched by mounted and standing overseers, 1918. Photographed by Ariel Varges.

Jilu Assyrian orphans breaking stones for the Persian road

Women and children from Jilu, some seated on the ground and some standing in long dresses, headscarves and a fur cap, gather in an open camp in western Persia in 1918. Photographed by Ariel Varges.

Jilu Assyrian refugee women and children, 1918

A Jilu Assyrian man in a felt cap and sash, holding a long stick, leads a mule piled with bedding and carrying a young rider; more refugees follow behind. Photographed by Ariel Varges in western Persia in 1918.

Jilu Assyrian refugees with a laden mule, 1918

Assyrian refugees from Jilu, with women, children and bedding loaded on oxen and donkeys, walk down a dirt road through the Asadabad Pass in western Persia, 1918. One of Ariel Varges's photographs of the refugee column on the road from Hamadan to Baqubah.

Jilu Assyrian refugees coming over the Asadabad Pass

Armenian and Syrian (Assyrian) refugees with carts and bundles in the tree-lined avenue leading out of the Kurdish gate of Urmia in 1918.

Armenian and Syrian (Assyrian) refugees at the Kurdish gate, Urmia, 1918

Dr. William Ambrose Shedd, the American missionary (likely the man in the white suit), among refugees seated with their bundles in the city compound at Urmia in 1918.

Faces, places & memories of the Assyrian people.